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我國居民人力資本投資行為比較分析
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我國居民人力資本投資行為比較分析
摘 要：現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)增長理論揭示，人力資本積累在決定勞動生產(chǎn)率和個人收入方面起著越來越重要的作用，是當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)增長最為重要的源泉之1。由于相關(guān)費用的不斷上漲，并且缺乏相應(yīng)的費用分?jǐn)倷C(jī)制，因此醫(yī)療、教育等相關(guān)費用的上升在造成了居民的支出壓力的同時也使得不同居民的相關(guān)支出在更大程度上受到收入水平的制約，與收入之間的聯(lián)系更加密切。不同收入等級之間的支付能力差異將轉(zhuǎn)化為人力資本投資水平的差異性。在人力資本投資方面，健康與教育支出是兩個很重要的方面，這也是近年來社會公眾所普遍關(guān)注并反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈的焦點問題。教育就是形成人力資本的重要途徑。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，提高健康資本存量對于農(nóng)民獲得非農(nóng)就業(yè)機(jī)會、增加非農(nóng)收入具有重要作用。可見，健康資本作為人力資本的1個重要組成部分，對農(nóng)民提高勞動生產(chǎn)率、增加收入具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。在1996—2002年期間，城鄉(xiāng)人均、教育費用的差異在逐步上升。1996年，城鎮(zhèn)人均醫(yī)療費用大約為農(nóng)村居民的2.5倍，2002年上升到4倍以上，隨后幾年基本穩(wěn)定，2005年有所下降，降為3.5倍左右；城鄉(xiāng)人均教育費用差異也從1996 年的不到3倍上升到2002年的4倍以上，隨后基本穩(wěn)定。這種變化顯然與相關(guān)公共支出的城鄉(xiāng)差異有密切的聯(lián)系，這也從1個方面表明，改善城鄉(xiāng)居民的公共支出結(jié)構(gòu)，對于緩解城鄉(xiāng)居民的人力資本投資差距具有重要的影響。我國城鄉(xiāng)居民人力資本投資差異的主要原因：城鄉(xiāng)收入差距很大，而且國家政策扶植力度不夠?qū)е鲁青l(xiāng)收入的差距在繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。政策力度不夠主要表現(xiàn)的方面為：（1）教育資源配置不平衡是城鄉(xiāng)收入差距拉大的重要因素；（2）醫(yī)療健康投入的不公平性是城鄉(xiāng)收入差距拉大是另1深層誘因；（3）農(nóng)村勞動力的就業(yè)遷移受制度約束，使城鄉(xiāng)收入差距進(jìn)1步拉大。
關(guān)鍵詞：人力資本投資；收入差異 ；投資行為
The Analysis of Human Capital Investment Behavior in China
Abstract: The Modern Economic Growth Theory reveals that human capital accumulation Which plays an increasing important role in deciding labor productivity and personal income is one of the most important sources of current economic growth. Because the relevant expenditures rise increasingly and there is not corresponding system for cost allocation, the rising charges of medical care, education and some other aspects which cause great pressure of residents about expenditure make different residents’ corresponding expenditure under the restricting of income level and more close with the contact of incomes. The differences of paying capacity among different income grades will be turn into differences of levels of human capital investment. The expense of healthy and education are both important in human capital investment, and that is the key problem which the general public concern and react strongly.
Education is an important approach to the forming of human capital. Studies found that improving the stork of the capital of healthy has a very important function for peasants getting opportunities of non-agricultural employment and adding incomes from it. That is to say, as an important component part of human capital, healthy capital has a far-reaching significance for peasants improving labor productivity and increasing incomes. During 1996 to 2002, the differences of per capita between urban and rural, the cost of education are rising gradually. The average medical charge in urban was about 2.5 times higher than in the total in 1996, while in 2002, it increased more than 4 times, then it was stable in a few years later till 2005 and was about 3.5 times lower in that year. Differences in average costs of education between urban and rural had rose from less tan 3 times in 1996 to more than 4 times in 2002, and then were stable subsequently. This change is obviously inseparable to the differences of public expenditure both in urban and rural, and this also shows improving the public expenditure structures of people residing in town and countryside has important effect on releasing the gap of Human Capital Investment. The main reasons of differences for China’s human capital investment are: the excessive income differential in urban and rural and its continuing widen for lacking the power of policy support. The inadequate policy strength is mainly expressed on: (1) the imbalance in the allocation of educational resources is the important factors of widening income gap in urban and rural；（2）the unfairness of health input is another deep incentive of widening the urban and rural income gap；（3）employment - mobility of rural workforce is restrained by policy which is widening the income gap between urban and rural areas.
Key words: human capital investment; Income difference; Investment behavior
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