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自考英語二考試語法指導(dǎo)提綱
北京航空航天大學(xué)
1. 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
1．1 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表
時態(tài)語態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 一般將來時
主動被動 do are done did were done will do will be done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時 將來進(jìn)行時
主動被動 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing
現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時 將來完成時
主動 被動 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
主動 被動 have been doing
1.2 動詞主要時態(tài)的意義及運(yùn)用
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時，過去完成時和將來完成時
英語提示語：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995
漢語提示語：已經(jīng)，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.
2) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒有間斷。
漢語提示語：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
3) 過去完成時
a) said, reported, thought 等引導(dǎo)的間接引語中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
b) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
c) 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句中
e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
歷年考題中的動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.
Key:
1. comes 一般現(xiàn)在時，主語為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)
2. has expanded 現(xiàn)在完成時
3. has been 現(xiàn)在完成時
4. Standing 過去進(jìn)行時的倒裝形式
5. began 一般過去時
6. makes 一般現(xiàn)在時，動名詞做主語，謂語用單數(shù)
7. has been living 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
8. had been sent 過去完成時的被動形式
9. witnessed 一般過去時
10. were driven 一般過去時的被動
2. 非謂語動詞
2.1 動詞主要時態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表
非謂語動詞 形式 意義
現(xiàn)在分詞
一 般 式 Doing 主動, 正在進(jìn)行
被 動 式 being done 被動, 正在進(jìn)行
完成主動式 having done 主動, 已經(jīng)完成
完成被動式 having been done 被動, 已經(jīng)完成
過去分詞 Done 被動, 已經(jīng)完成
動詞不定式
一 般 式 To do 主動,將要進(jìn)行
被 動 式 To be done 被動, 將要進(jìn)行
完成主動式 To have done 主動, 已經(jīng)完成
進(jìn)行主動式 To be doing 主動, 正在進(jìn)行
2.2. 非謂語動詞作狀語
?動詞不定式：1）目的狀語；2）結(jié)果狀語
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （結(jié)果）
?分詞：1) 伴隨狀語；2）原因狀語；3）條件狀語 4）讓步狀語；5）時間狀語
e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （時間）
Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (條件)
2.3 非謂語動詞，狀語從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分詞作狀語)
2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （連詞+分詞）
3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （狀語從句）
4) With homework done, the children began to play. （獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
2.4 非謂語動詞作定語
1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)
2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)
4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)
2.5 動名詞和動詞不定式
? 作主語和表語
動名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況；動詞不定時作主語表示具體某次的情況。
e.g Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
? 作賓語
接動名詞作賓語的動詞：
admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.
接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞：
want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin
接動名詞和動詞不定式有不同含義的動詞：
1) forget, remember, regret
2) stop, continue
3) need/ want
4) allow doing/ allow sb to do
(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?
Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.
(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?
(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.
歷年考題中的非謂語動詞
1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
2. Anyone ___(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction.
4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease.
5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.
6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.
7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.
8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
9. I couldn’t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.
10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun.
Key:
1. doing 動名詞做enjoy的賓語
2. wanting 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
3. to control 動詞不定式作目的狀語
4. used 過去分詞作定語
5. being 現(xiàn)在分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中
6. translated 連詞加過去分詞作狀語
7. removed 過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)
8. bound 過去分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中
9. feel couldn’t help but 后接動詞原形
10. revolving 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
3. 虛擬語氣
第一大類：非真實(shí)條件下的虛擬語氣
時間 從句 主句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
與過去事實(shí)相反 had done should/could/would + have done
與將來事實(shí)相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do
e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.
第二大類：從句中用過去時或過去完成時的虛擬語氣
1) would rather + 從句
2) wish + 從句
3) if only + 從句
4) as if/ as though + 從句
5) It’s time + 從句
e.g. I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.
第三大類：從句中用should加動詞原形的虛擬語氣，其中should可省略。
1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動議), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動詞后接的賓語從句；
2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名詞后的同位語從句；
3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在it is … that…句型中；
4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導(dǎo)的從句中。
e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.
歷年考題中的虛擬語氣
1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every adult person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get
Key:
1. would have been 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句
2. had not been 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的從句
3. took It is high time +過去式的虛擬形式
4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+動詞原形的虛擬形式
5. be given demand所接賓語從句用動詞原形的虛擬形式
6. should have received 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句，表示“本應(yīng)該收到”而實(shí)際上沒有。
7. bought would rather后接賓語從句，從句用過去式表示虛擬語氣。
8. had met as if 所引導(dǎo)的從句用過去完成式表示虛擬語氣。
3. 虛擬語氣
第一大類：非真實(shí)條件下的虛擬語氣
時間 從句 主句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
與過去事實(shí)相反 had done should/could/would + have done
與將來事實(shí)相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do
e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.
第二大類：從句中用過去時或過去完成時的虛擬語氣
1) would rather + 從句
2) wish + 從句
3) if only + 從句
4) as if/ as though + 從句
5) It’s time + 從句
e.g. I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.
第三大類：從句中用should加動詞原形的虛擬語氣，其中should可省略。
1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動議), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動詞后接的賓語從句；
2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名詞后的同位語從句；
3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在it is … that…句型中；
4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導(dǎo)的從句中。
e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.
歷年考題中的虛擬語氣
1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every adult person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get
Key:
1. would have been 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句
2. had not been 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的從句
3. took It is high time +過去式的虛擬形式
4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+動詞原形的虛擬形式
5. be given demand所接賓語從句用動詞原形的虛擬形式
6. should have received 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句，表示“本應(yīng)該收到”而實(shí)際上沒有。
7. bought would rather后接賓語從句，從句用過去式表示虛擬語氣。
8. had met as if 所引導(dǎo)的從句用過去完成式表示虛擬語氣。
9. C 與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句。
10. A 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時（從by now可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^去完成時。
9. C 與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句。
10. A 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時（從by now可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^去完成時。
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