大學英語四級語法精要:時態，語態，短語動詞

大學英語四級語法精要:時態，語態，短語動詞

　　 時態

　　1)現在完成進行時態 (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時會業已發生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　 語態

　　1) 可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)

　　2) 雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態

　　a) 雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　b) 賓補結構的被動語態:

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　 短語動詞

　　1) Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　2) Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　3) Vi + prep (有被動語態)

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　4) Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　5) Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　6) Vt + adv + O (無被動語態)

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　7) Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement.

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