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2016年全國(guó)翻譯資格考試中級(jí)口譯練習(xí)
The expansion of the universities since the beginning of World War II and the great increase in number of college graduates and ph. Ds have produced a corps of technicians, aides, speechwriters, symbol manufactures, investigators, and policy proposers who are now employed by practical men in all institutions. These people, called intellectuals in the sense that they deal with symbols and ideas, have become professionalized in exactly the same sense as the engineer. Unlike the engineer, however, these professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine grind of daily work: they carry light teaching load and enjoy government and foundation grants and subsidies for their research.
The professor’s project budget is the initial economic base that supports his independence within the university. The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university, which takes a percentage “overhead” out of every project budget. The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts. The ability to secure contracts is a genuine talent among professional intellectuals.
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，大學(xué)的數(shù)目不斷增長(zhǎng)，本科、甚至是博士畢業(yè)生也與日俱增，從而誕生了大批的技術(shù)人員、助手、演講稿撰寫(xiě)人、徽章生產(chǎn)商、調(diào)查人員和政策研究員，他們效力于各類(lèi)務(wù)實(shí)的研究所中。 這些人員主要解決符號(hào)和概念問(wèn)題，與工程師幾乎一樣高度專(zhuān)業(yè)化，所以人們把它們稱(chēng)為知識(shí)分子。
然而這些人員與工程師還有所不同——他們不需從事繁重的日常例行工作，僅承擔(dān)少量教學(xué)工作，同時(shí)享受政府研究津貼或補(bǔ)貼。
教授項(xiàng)目預(yù)算是其最初的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，使得教師得以在大學(xué)里保持獨(dú)立。研究生是否存在，大學(xué)是否存在資金償還能力，這些都取決于項(xiàng)目預(yù)算。大學(xué)的資金償還在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目預(yù)算中占有重要比例。無(wú)論來(lái)自于政府或商界，項(xiàng)目資金的重要特點(diǎn)是其建立在契約上，即不同的項(xiàng)目可以爭(zhēng)取相同的項(xiàng)目資金，因此調(diào)研人員要取得獨(dú)立，就必須得到連續(xù)的研究項(xiàng)目。 獲得研究項(xiàng)目是知識(shí)分子的一種真正才能。
分析：
①⑵ The expansion of the universities ⑴ since the beginning of World War II and ⑶ the great increase in number of college graduates and ph. Ds have produced a corps of technicians, aides, speechwriters, symbol manufactures, investigators, and policy proposers ⑷ (who are now employed by practical men in all institutions).
▲ 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，大學(xué)的數(shù)目不斷增長(zhǎng)，本科、甚至是博士畢業(yè)生也與日俱增，從而誕生了大批的技術(shù)人員、助手、演講稿撰寫(xiě)人、徽章生產(chǎn)商、調(diào)查人員和政策研究員，他們效力于各類(lèi)務(wù)實(shí)的研究所中。
轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：名詞 → 動(dòng)詞 expansion→ 不斷增長(zhǎng) increase→ 與日俱增
換序譯法：翻譯順序：⑴⑵⑶⑷
意譯： produce→ 生產(chǎn)(直譯)
→ 誕生(意譯)
a corps of→ 團(tuán)體共同行動(dòng)或共同指揮下的一伙人(直譯)
→ 大批的(意譯)
corps 的含義： a body of persons acting together or associated under common direction eg. the
press corps 記者團(tuán)
難詞的翻譯：這里從 technician 到 policy proposers 共六個(gè)單詞都不是很好翻譯，考生請(qǐng)注意平時(shí)的積累。
定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：重復(fù)法
轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法：被主交換： who are now employed→ 效力于
省詞譯法： who are now employed by practical men in all institutions 這句中 practical man 解釋為
“實(shí)干家”，但整句翻譯成“他們被各類(lèi)研究所里的實(shí)干家雇傭”，略顯累贅，因此可以把 man 在翻譯中省略，譯成“他們效力于各類(lèi)務(wù)實(shí)的研究所中”即可。
②⑷ These people, called intellectuals in the sense that ⑴ they deal with symbols and ideas, ⑶ have become professionalized ⑵ in exactly the same sense as the engineer.
▲ 這些人員主要解決符號(hào)和概念問(wèn)題，與工程師幾乎一樣高度專(zhuān)業(yè)化，所以人們把它們稱(chēng)為知識(shí)分子。
in the/a sense 解釋為“在某種意義上”。如： What you’ve said is in the sense a great insult to his
dignity. → 你的話(huà)語(yǔ)在某種程度上對(duì)他的尊嚴(yán)是一種侮辱。
意譯： deal with→ 對(duì)付;處理(直譯)→ 解決(意譯)
具體譯法：加字法： symbols and ideas→ 符號(hào)和概念問(wèn)題問(wèn)
換序譯法：翻譯順序：⑴⑵⑶⑷
比較級(jí)的翻譯： exactly the same sense as the engineer→ 與工程師幾乎一樣一
轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)翻譯：被主交換： called intellectuals→ 人們把它們稱(chēng)為知識(shí)分子
③ Unlike the engineer, however, these professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine grind of daily work: they carry light teaching load and enjoy government and foundation grants and subsidies for their research.
▲ 然而這些人員與工程師還有所不同——他們不需從事繁重的日常例行工作，僅承擔(dān)少量教學(xué)工作，同時(shí)享受政府研究津貼或補(bǔ)貼。
正反譯法： free from→ 不需
轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：形容詞 → 動(dòng)詞 free from→ 不需從事
名詞 → 形容詞 grind→ 繁重的
grind (noun): a laborious task, routine, or study 苦力，苦差費(fèi)力的任務(wù)、日常工作或?qū)W習(xí)：light: easy to carry out or perform
eg. Since her accident, she can only do light work.
④ The professor’s project budget is the initial economic base (that supports his independence within the university).
▲ 教授項(xiàng)目預(yù)算是其最初的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，使得教師得以在大學(xué)里保持獨(dú)立。
定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：省略法
⑤ The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the
university, (which takes a percentage “overhead” out of every project budget).
▲ 研究生是否存在，大學(xué)是否存在資金償還能力，這些都取決于項(xiàng)目預(yù)算。大學(xué)的資金償還在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目預(yù)算中占有重要比例。
意譯： sustain: maintain; keep the existence of→ 維持。由于“維持”后的賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，可以先把賓語(yǔ)譯出，把“項(xiàng)目預(yù)算”作為賓語(yǔ)，用謂語(yǔ)“取決于”連接，句子就比較平衡。
轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：名詞 → 動(dòng)詞 existence→ 存在
意譯： overhead→ 上面的;經(jīng)常的(直譯)→ 重要的(意譯)
定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：重復(fù)法
⑥ The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on
a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence
rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts.
▲ 無(wú)論來(lái)自于政府或商界，項(xiàng)目資金的重要特點(diǎn)是其建立在契約上，即不同的項(xiàng)目可以爭(zhēng)取相同的項(xiàng)目資金，因此調(diào)研人員要取得獨(dú)立，就必須得到連續(xù)的研究項(xiàng)目。
轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：形容詞 → 名詞 contractual→ 契約
介詞 → 動(dòng)詞 for→ 爭(zhēng)取
具體譯法：加字法： project→ 項(xiàng)目資金資
意譯： contract→ 合同(直譯)
→ 項(xiàng)目;研究項(xiàng)目(意譯)
secure→ 保護(hù)(直譯)
→ 得到(意譯)
rest upon→ 建立在 …… 的基礎(chǔ)上(直譯)→ 必須(意譯)
so that 的翻譯：表示結(jié)果
so that 和 so…that… 在翻譯中一般不是表示“目的”，就是表示“結(jié)果”。前者可以翻譯成“以此”，后者可翻譯成“從而”，不過(guò)有時(shí)兩者的區(qū)別并不明顯。如：
She worked hard so that everything would be ready before 5 o’clock. (目的)
Nothing was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. (結(jié)果)
⑦ The ability to secure contracts is a genuine talent among professional intellectuals.
▲ 獲得研究項(xiàng)目是知識(shí)分子的一種真正才能。
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